With ever increasing capacity for collecting, storing, and processing of data, there is also a high demand for intelligent knowledge discovery and data analysis methods. While there have been impressive advances in machine learning and similar domains in recent years, this also gives rise to concerns regarding the protection of personal and otherwise sensitive data, especially if it is to be analysed by third parties, e.g. in collaborative settings, where it shall be exchanged for the benefit of training more powerful models. One scenario is anomaly detection, which aims at identifying rare items, events or observations, differing from the majority of the data. Such anomalous items, also referred to as outliers, often correspond to problematic cases, e.g. bank fraud, rare medical diseases, or intrusions, e.g. attacks on IT systems.

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