Closed-loop transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is attracting increasing interest, but limited hardware and software solutions impede wide adoption. In particular, existing solutions are restricted to specific hardware, operating systems, and commercial software packages. We present a Python-based toolbox – PyTES – for closed-loop TES. PyTES is open-source, easy to integrate with existing Python packages for real-time brain decoding, and is able to interface with a wide range of low-cost hardware solutions. In this paper, we review existing solutions for closed-loop TES, introduce the design principles of PyTES, and demonstrate how to realize a closed-loop TES protocol with PyTES.

Top